applied science laboratory

1) no pl., no art. Wissenschaft, die

2) (branch of knowledge) Wissenschaft, die

3)

4) (technique, expert's skill) Kunst, die

* * *

1) (knowledge gained by observation and experiment.) die Wissenschaft

2) (a branch of such knowledge eg biology, chemistry, physics etc.) die Naturwissenschaften

3) (these sciences considered as a whole: My daughter prefers science to languages.) die Wissenschaft

•

- academic.ru/64728/scientific">scientific

* * *

I. n

1. no pl (study of physical world) [Natur]wissenschaft f

the marvels [or wonders] of modern \science die Wunder der modernen Wissenschaft

applied/pure \science angewandte/reine Wissenschaft

2. (discipline) Wissenschaft f

physics and chemistry are \sciences Physik und Chemie sind Naturwissenschaften

3. (body of knowledge) Wissenschaft f

\science of axioms MATH Axiomatik f

\science of building Architekturlehre f

the \science of climatology die Klimatologie

\science of electricity Elektrizitätslehre f

\science of materials TECH Werkstoffkunde f

\science of mining Bergbaukunde f

II. n modifier (class, experiment, reporter, teacher) Wissenschafts-

\science laboratory wissenschaftliches Labor

\science museum Wissenschaftsmuseum nt

* * *

1) Wissenschaft f; (= natural science) Naturwissenschaft f

2) (= systematic knowledge or skill) Technik f

* * *

science [ˈsaıəns] s

1. a) Wissenschaft f

b) Naturwissenschaft(en) f(pl)

2. a) Wissenschaft f, Wissensgebiet n

b) Naturwissenschaft f:

the science of optics die (Lehre von der) Optik; → dismal A 1

3. fig Kunst f, Lehre f, Kunde f:

science of gardening Gartenbaukunst

4. PHIL, REL Wissen n, Erkenntnis f (of von)

5. Kunst(fertigkeit) f, (gute) Technik ( auch SPORT):

have sth down to a science es zu einer wahren Kunstfertigkeit gebracht haben in (dat)

6. Science → Christian Science

7. obs Wissen n

sc. abk

1. scale

2. scene

3. science

4. scientific

5. scilicet, namely näml.

sci. abk

1. science

2. scientific wiss(enschaftl).

* * *

1) no pl., no art. Wissenschaft, die

2) (branch of knowledge) Wissenschaft, die

3)

4) (technique, expert's skill) Kunst, die

* * *

Wissenschaft f.

sci·ence [ʼsaɪən(t)s] n

1) no pl ( study of physical world) [Natur]wissenschaft f;

the marvels [or wonders] of modern \science die Wunder der modernen Wissenschaft;

applied/pure \science angewandte/reine Wissenschaft

2) ( discipline) Wissenschaft f;

physics and chemistry are \sciences Physik und Chemie sind Naturwissenschaften

3) ( body of knowledge) Wissenschaft f;

the \science of climatology die Klimatologie n

modifier (class, experiment, reporter, teacher) Wissenschafts-;

\science laboratory wissenschaftliches Labor;

\science museum Wissenschaftsmuseum nt

1) Общая лексика: Возраст/Пол/Местонахождения (ASL - сокр (Age/Sex/Location), часто используется в чатах, форумах, сообщениях)

2) Медицина: american sign language

3) Военный термин: Advanced Squad Leader, Army School of Languages, Army Standards Laboratory, Atmospheric Sciences Laboratory, acting sub-lieutenant, advanced systems laboratory, aeronautical structures laboratory, applied science laboratory, assistant squad leader, authorized stock level, authorized stockage list, average service life, Assigned Stockage Level (or List), Authorized Stockage Level (or List)

4) Техника: approved suppliers list, average side lobe level

5) Автомобильный термин: automatic speed limiter

6) Грубое выражение: All Sexy Legs

7) Сокращение: Applied Science Laboratories (USA), Authorised Stockage List, Aviation Spares Ltd (UK), Advanced Schottky Logic, Average Sidelobe Level

8) Вычислительная техника: ACPI Source Language (ACPI, AML), Adaptive Speed Levelling (US Robotics), age, sex, location

9) Нефть: acoustic logging, acoustic reflection logging, sonic logging, sound logging

10) Банковское дело: допуск ценной бумаги к официальной торговле на фондовой бирже (admission of security to listing)

11) Фирменный знак: Analytical Service Laboratories

12) Экология: Australian Society for Limnology

13) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: acoustic sounding log

14) Образование: Average Sentence Length

15) Инвестиции: admission of security to listing

16) Океанография: Atmospheric Surface Layer

17) Медицинская техника: arterial spin labeling

18) Химическое оружие: Atmospheric Science Laboratory

19) Расширение файла: Adaptive Speed Levelling

20) Нефть и газ: перечень утверждённых поставщиков (Approved supplier list), Arab Super Light (Arabian Super Light), Acoustic Log, Sonic Log

21) NYSE. Ashanti Goldfields, LTD.

22) Международная торговля: A Static Lullaby, Ambient Stress Level

1) Общая лексика: Возраст/Пол/Местонахождения (ASL - сокр (Age/Sex/Location), часто используется в чатах, форумах, сообщениях)

2) Медицина: american sign language

3) Военный термин: Advanced Squad Leader, Army School of Languages, Army Standards Laboratory, Atmospheric Sciences Laboratory, acting sub-lieutenant, advanced systems laboratory, aeronautical structures laboratory, applied science laboratory, assistant squad leader, authorized stock level, authorized stockage list, average service life, Assigned Stockage Level (or List), Authorized Stockage Level (or List)

4) Техника: approved suppliers list, average side lobe level

5) Автомобильный термин: automatic speed limiter

6) Грубое выражение: All Sexy Legs

7) Сокращение: Applied Science Laboratories (USA), Authorised Stockage List, Aviation Spares Ltd (UK), Advanced Schottky Logic, Average Sidelobe Level

8) Вычислительная техника: ACPI Source Language (ACPI, AML), Adaptive Speed Levelling (US Robotics), age, sex, location

9) Нефть: acoustic logging, acoustic reflection logging, sonic logging, sound logging

10) Банковское дело: допуск ценной бумаги к официальной торговле на фондовой бирже (admission of security to listing)

11) Фирменный знак: Analytical Service Laboratories

12) Экология: Australian Society for Limnology

13) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: acoustic sounding log

14) Образование: Average Sentence Length

15) Инвестиции: admission of security to listing

16) Океанография: Atmospheric Surface Layer

17) Медицинская техника: arterial spin labeling

18) Химическое оружие: Atmospheric Science Laboratory

19) Расширение файла: Adaptive Speed Levelling

20) Нефть и газ: перечень утверждённых поставщиков (Approved supplier list), Arab Super Light (Arabian Super Light), Acoustic Log, Sonic Log

21) NYSE. Ashanti Goldfields, LTD.

22) Международная торговля: A Static Lullaby, Ambient Stress Level

SUBJECT AREA: Recording

[br]

[br]

[br]

After arriving in the USA in 1870 and becoming an American citizen, Berliner worked as a dry-goods clerk in Washington, DC, and for a period studied electricity at Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art, New York. He invented an improved microphone and set up his own experimental laboratory in Washington, DC. He developed a microphone for telephone use and sold the rights to the Bell Telephone Company. Subsequently he was put in charge of their laboratory, remaining in that position for eight years. In 1881 Berliner, with his brothers Joseph and Jacob, founded the J.Berliner Telephonfabrik in Hanover, the first factory in Europe specializing in telephone equipment.

Inspired by the development work performed by T.A. Edison and in the Volta Laboratory (see C.S. Tainter), he analysed the existing processes for recording and reproducing sound and in 1887 developed a process for transferring lateral undulations scratched in soot into an etched groove that would make a needle and diaphragm vibrate. Using what may be regarded as a combination of the Phonautograph of Léon Scott de Martinville and the photo-engraving suggested by Charles Cros, in May 1887 he thus demonstrated the practicability of the laterally recorded groove. He termed the apparatus "Gramophone". In November 1887 he applied the principle to a glass disc and obtained an inwardly spiralling, modulated groove in copper and zinc. In March 1888 he took the radical step of scratching the lateral vibrations directly onto a rotating zinc disc, the surface of which was protected, and the subsequent etching created the groove. Using well-known principles of printing-plate manufacture, he developed processes for duplication by making a negative mould from which positive copies could be pressed in a thermoplastic compound. Toy gramophones were manufactured in Germany from 1889 and from 1892–3 Berliner manufactured both records and gramophones in the USA. The gramophones were hand-cranked at first, but from 1896 were based on a new design by E.R. Johnson. In 1897–8 Berliner spread his activities to England and Germany, setting up a European pressing plant in the telephone factory in Hanover, and in 1899 a Canadian company was formed. Various court cases over patents removed Berliner from direct running of the reconstructed companies, but he retained a major economic interest in E.R. Johnson's Victor Talking Machine Company. In later years Berliner became interested in aeronautics, in particular the autogiro principle. Applied acoustics was a continued interest, and a tile for controlling the acoustics of large halls was successfully developed in the 1920s.

[br]

SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology

[br]

[br]

[br]

Born on a cattle ranch, Forrester obtained a BSc in electrical engineering at the University of Nebraska in 1939 and his MSc at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, Massachusetts, where he remained to teach and carry out research. Becoming interested in computing, he established the Digital Computer Laboratory at MIT in 1945 and became involved in the construction of Whirlwind I, an early general-purpose computer completed in March 1951 and used for flight-simulation by the US Army Air Force. Finding the linear memories then available for storing data a major limiting factor in the speed at which computers were able to operate, he developed a three-dimensional store based on the binary switching of the state of small magnetic cores that could be addressed and switched by a matrix of wires carrying pulses of current. The machine used parallel synchronous fixed-point computing, with fifteen binary digits and a plus sign, i.e. 16 bits in all, and contained 5,000 vacuum tubes, eleven semiconductors and a 2 MHz clock for the arithmetic logic unit. It occupied a two-storey building and consumed 150kW of electricity. From his experience with the development and use of computers, he came to realize their great potential for the simulation and modelling of real situations and hence for the solution of a variety of management problems, using data communications and the technique now known as interactive graphics. His later career was therefore in this field, first at the MIT Lincoln Laboratory in Lexington, Massachusetts (1951) and subsequently (from 1956) as Professor at the Sloan School of Management at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

[br]

See also: Burks, Arthur Walter; Goldstine, Herman H.; Wilkes, Maurice Vincent; Williams, Sir Frederic Calland

SUBJECT AREA: Electricity

[br]

[br]

[br]

Crookes entered the Royal College of Chemistry at the age of 15, and from 1850 to 1854 held the appointment of Assistant at the college. In 1854 he became Superintendent of the Meteorological Department at the Radcliffe Observatory in Oxford. He moved to a post at the College of Science in Chester the following year. Soon after this he inherited a large fortune and set up his own private laboratory in London. There he studied the nature of electrical discharges in gases at low pressure and discovered the dark space (later named after him) that surrounds the negative electrode, or cathode. He also established that the rays produced in the process (subsequently shown by J.J.Thompson to be a stream of electrons) not only travelled in straight lines, but were also capable of producing heat and/or light upon impact with suitable anode materials. Using a variety of new methods to investigate these "cathode" rays, he applied them to the spectral analysis of compounds of selenium and, as a result, in 1861 he discovered the element thallium, finally establishing its atomic weight in 1873. Following his discovery of thallium, he became involved in two main lines of research: the properties of rarified gases, and the investigation of the elements of the "rare earths". It was also during these experiments that he discovered the principle of the Crookes radiometer, a device in which light is converted into rotational motion and which used to be found frequently in the shop windows of English opticians. Also among the fruits of this work were the Crookes tubes and the development of spectacle lenses with differential ranges of radiational absorption. In the 1870s he became interested in spiritualism and acquired a reputation for his studies of psychic phenomena, but at the turn of the century he returned to traditional scientific investigations. In 1892 he wrote about the possibility of wireless telegraphy. His work in the field of radioactivity led to the invention of the spinthariscope, an early type of detector of alpha particles. In 1900 he undertook investigations into uranium which led to the study of scintillation, an important tool in the study of radioactivity.

While the theoretical basis of his work has not stood the test of time, his material discoveries, observations and investigations of new facts formed a basis on which others such as J.J. Thomson were to develop subatomic theory. His later involvement in the investigation of spiritualism led to much criticism, but could be justified on the basis of a belief in the duty to investigate all phenomena.

[br]

KF / MG

SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology, Mining and extraction technology, Weapons and armour

[br]

[br]

[br]

The son of a barber-surgeon who deserted his family to serve in the Swedish army, Nobel showed little interest in academic pursuits as a child and was sent to sea at the age of 16, but jumped ship in Egypt and was eventually employed as an architect by the pasha. Returning to Sweden, he won a scholarship to the Stockholm School of Architecture, where he studied from 1821 to 1825 and was awarded a number of prizes. His interest then leaned towards mechanical matters and he transferred to the Stockholm School of Engineering. Designs for linen-finishing machines won him a prize there, and he also patented a means of transforming rotary into reciprocating movement. He then entered the real-estate business and was successful until a fire in 1833 destroyed his house and everything he owned. By this time he had married and had two sons, with a third, Alfred (of Nobel Prize fame; see Alfred Nobel), on the way. Moving to more modest quarters on the outskirts of Stockholm, Immanuel resumed his inventions, concentrating largely on India rubber, which he applied to surgical instruments and military equipment, including a rubber knapsack.

It was talk of plans to construct a canal at Suez that first excited his interest in explosives. He saw them as a means of making mining more efficient and began to experiment in his backyard. However, this made him unpopular with his neighbours, and the city authorities ordered him to cease his investigations. By this time he was deeply in debt and in 1837 moved to Finland, leaving his family in Stockholm. He hoped to interest the Russians in land and sea mines and, after some four years, succeeded in obtaining financial backing from the Ministry of War, enabling him to set up a foundry and arms factory in St Petersburg and to bring his family over. By 1850 he was clear of debt in Sweden and had begun to acquire a high reputation as an inventor and industrialist. His invention of the horned contact mine was to be the basic pattern of the sea mine for almost the next 100 years, but he also created and manufactured a central-heating system based on hot-water pipes. His three sons, Ludwig, Robert and Alfred, had now joined him in his business, but even so the outbreak of war with Britain and France in the Crimea placed severe pressures on him. The Russians looked to him to convert their navy from sail to steam, even though he had no experience in naval propulsion, but the aftermath of the Crimean War brought financial ruin once more to Immanuel. Amongst the reforms brought in by Tsar Alexander II was a reliance on imports to equip the armed forces, so all domestic arms contracts were abruptly cancelled, including those being undertaken by Nobel. Unable to raise money from the banks, Immanuel was forced to declare himself bankrupt and leave Russia for his native Sweden. Nobel then reverted to his study of explosives, particularly of how to adapt the then highly unstable nitroglycerine, which had first been developed by Ascanio Sobrero in 1847, for blasting and mining. Nobel believed that this could be done by mixing it with gunpowder, but could not establish the right proportions. His son Alfred pursued the matter semi-independently and eventually evolved the principle of the primary charge (and through it created the blasting cap), having taken out a patent for a nitroglycerine product in his own name; the eventual result of this was called dynamite. Father and son eventually fell out over Alfred's independent line, but worse was to follow. In September 1864 Immanuel's youngest son, Oscar, then studying chemistry at Uppsala University, was killed in an explosion in Alfred's laboratory: Immanuel suffered a stroke, but this only temporarily incapacitated him, and he continued to put forward new ideas. These included making timber a more flexible material through gluing crossed veneers under pressure and bending waste timber under steam, a concept which eventually came to fruition in the form of plywood.

In 1868 Immanuel and Alfred were jointly awarded the prestigious Letterstedt Prize for their work on explosives, but Alfred never for-gave his father for retaining the medal without offering it to him.

[br]